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Abu al-‘Abbās ‘Abdu'llāh ibn Muhammad as-Saffāḥ, or Abul `Abbas al-Saffaḥ ((アラビア語:أبو العباس عبد الله بن محمد السفّاح)) (b. 721/722 AD – d. 9 June 754 AD, reigned 749–754 AD) was the first caliph of the Abbasid caliphate, one of the longest and most important caliphates (Islamic dynasties) in Islamic history. (Due to different traditions of transcribing Arabic names, the spellings As-Saffah and Al-Saffah may both be found.) ''As-Saffāḥ'' () is a messianic religious title from ''hadith'' literature on the mahdi, which, in older Arabic, meant ''the Generous''〔Mahdi. ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', 2nd. ed. Editors P. Bearman et al. (page 1233).〕 from the Arabic verb ''yasfaḥ'', "to pour out," implying the future ruler would be liberal in dispensing wealth to Muslims. (In Modern Arabic this word has taken a negative connotation: ''One who pours out blood/thug'').〔Modern meaning of ''saffāḥ'' in Google Translate: http://translate.google.com/#auto/en/السفاح〕 The new caliph appropriated this messianic title in his first sermon in Kufa in 749 AD.〔Mahdi. ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', 2nd. ed. Editors P. Bearman et al. (page 1233).〕 A weaker alternative explanation of the title is ''slaughterer'' or ''shedder of blood'' for his ruthless efforts to eliminate the rival Umayyad family - unlikely, however, since no caliph would have appropriated the title for himself if that were the original meaning. ==Family origins and earlier history== As-Saffāḥ was head of one branch of the Banu Hāshim from Arabia, a subclan of the Quraysh tribe who traced their lineage to Hāshim, a great-grandfather of Muhammad via 'Abbās, an uncle of Muhammad, hence the title "Abbasid" for his descendants' caliphate. This indirect link to Muhammad's larger clan formed sufficient basis for As-Saffah's claim to the title ''caliph''. However, the tradition that 'Abbās himself never converted to Islam, or only did so halfheartedly, weakened that legitimacy. As narrated in many hadith, many believed that in the end times a great leader or ''mahdi'' would appear from the family of Muhammad, to which Ali belonged, who would deliver Islam from corrupt leadership. The half-hearted policies of the late Umayyads to tolerate non-Arab Muslims and Shi'as had failed to quell unrest among these minorities. During the reign of late Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik this unrest led to mutiny and revolt in Kufa in southern Iraq, mainly from the slaves of the town. Shi'ites revolted in 736 and held the city until 740, led by Zayd ibn Ali, a grandson of Husayn and another member of the Banu Hashim. Zayd's rebellion failed, and was put down by Umayyad armies in 740. The revolt in Kufa indicated both the strength of the Umayyads and the growing unrest in the Muslim world. During the last days of the Umayyad caliphate, Abu al-‘Abbās and his clan chose to begin their rebellion in Khurasān, an important, but remote military region comprising eastern Iran, southern parts of the modern Central Asian republics of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and northern Afghanistan. In 743, the death of the Umayyad Caliph Hishām provoked a rebellion in the east. Abu al-`Abbās, supported by Shi'as and the residents of Khurasān, led his forces to victory over the Umayyads and The civil war was marked by millennial prophecies encouraged by the beliefs of some Shi'as that As-Saffāḥ was the ''mahdi.'' In Shi'ite works such as the ''Al-Jafr'' faithful Muslims were told that the brutal civil war was the great conflict between good and evil. The choice of the Umayyads to enter battle with white flags and the Abbasids to enter with black encouraged such theories. The color white, however, was regarded in much of Persia as a sign of mourning. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「As-Saffah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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